Overseas Hong Kong pro-democracy groups have expressed deep concern following the recent signing of a law-enforcement cooperation arrangement between the Government of Canada and the People’s Republic of China, saying the agreement could heighten risks for activists living abroad and embolden transnational repression.

The memorandum of understanding on public safety and security was concluded during high-level discussions between Ottawa and Beijing, in which both sides agreed to pursue “pragmatic and constructive engagement” between their respective law-enforcement agencies to combat shared threats such as drugs, cybercrime and telefraud.

Critics warn that formalising police cooperation with a country that lacks independent judicial oversight could expose Canadians and Hong Kong exiles to surveillance, harassment, and pressure from Chinese authorities.

The concerns from overseas Hong Kong community organisations and their supporters come against a backdrop of sustained tensions over China’s transnational repression of dissent abroad.

In recent months, Hong Kong police authorities have issued international arrest warrants and rewards for the capture of multiple pro-democracy activists living overseas, including Canadians, under the territory’s national security law.

Ottawa has previously condemned those actions as attempts at extraterritorial intimidation and an affront to Canadian sovereignty, asserting that such tactics will not be tolerated.

Diaspora groups argue that the new cooperation agreement could provide Beijing with further tools to exert influence beyond its borders, especially as it seeks to build partnerships on security issues.

The critics underscore that Canada’s law-enforcement agencies have been investigating alleged clandestine Chinese policing and interference within Canadian cities, including reports of unofficial “overseas police service stations” that monitor and harass community members.

Supporters of deeper Canada-China cooperation, including some federal officials, contend that engagement on public safety is essential to address shared criminal threats, such as the trafficking of illicit drugs like fentanyl and international fraud schemes.

They maintain that structured cooperation with Chinese counterparts, under clear legal frameworks, can enhance the ability of both nations to protect their citizens and disrupt transnational criminal networks.

Nevertheless, diaspora organisations and sympathetic lawmakers have urged Ottawa to ensure robust safeguards are in place to prevent any misuse of the agreement against peaceful activists or minority communities.

They emphasise that respect for human rights and the rule of law must guide all aspects of international law-enforcement collaboration, particularly when dealing with regimes accused of suppressing dissent at home and abroad.

The unfolding debate reflects broader questions about Canada’s strategic relationship with China, balancing economic and security interests with the protection of democratic values and civil liberties.